Life of Hengist (charts)

The Life of Hengist (Charts) is based on charts in Nellie Slayter Aurner’s Hengest: A Study in Early English Hero Legend, published in 1921. They provide an excellent visual comparison of what is told about Hengist in various medieval and early modern documents. Changes have been made here mainly to take account of newer editions of sources.

First Series

First Series: Columns 1–7

First Series, Columns 1–7

	Anglo-Saxon Chronicle 449—488	Bede Eccl. Hist., Bk. I Ch. XIV,XV,XVI	Historia Brittonum	Æthelweard Book I	William of Malmesbury Book I, Ch.I	Henry of Huntington Historia anglorum, Bk. II (c. 1154)
Form of Name	Hengist	Hengist	Hengist	Hengist	Hengist	Hengist
Genealogy	Wiht­gils, Wit­ta, Vec­ta, Woden	Vict­gil­sus, Vit­ta, Vec­ta, Vo­den	Wiht­gils, Wit­ta, Vec­ta, Wo­den, Fri­thu­wald, Fri­thu­wulf, Finn, God­wulf, Geat	Wyhr­tels, Wec­ta, Wit­har, Wo­den	Great grand­son of Wodven	Wict­gils, Wic­ta and Vec­ta, Wo­den, Frea­laf, Fre­dulf, Fin, Floc­wald, Je­ta
Religion		Pagans		Worshipped Wo­den—of­fered sac­ri­fi­ces for vic­tory	Worshipped Wo­den—of­fered sac­ri­fi­ces for vic­tory
Tribe		Not de­fin­ite; calls him lead­er of the for­ces; seems to imply Jute	Saxon	Britain called Anglia from its con­quer­ors—leaders H. and H.	Angle (?)
Education
Military Service
Exile			Exiled from Ger­many		Implied
Settlement of Angl­ia
Adoption Marriage	Mar­riage
Piratical Expeditions
With Hnæf
Finnsburg

First Series: Columns 8–13

First Series, Columns 8–13

	Geoffrey of Monmouth Historia Regum Britanniae	Geoffrey Gaimar	Wace Roman de Brut (c. 1155)	Lawman Brut (c. 1190)	Ralph de Diceto (1190)	Ralph Higden Polychronicon (1352)
Form of Name	Hengist	Hengis	Hangist	Hengest	Hengistus	Hengistus
Genealogy						Great grand­son of Wo­den
Religion	Worshipped Saturn and Jupiter but expe­cial­ly Mercury under name of Wo­den (Wo­dens­day) next to him god­dess Frea (Friday)		As in Geoffrey. Wo­den and Freya	As in Geoffrey ex­cept that remain­ing days of week are also ex­plained by their god’s name.
Tribe	Saxon	Seisne	Saisne; Saxon	Angle		Saxon
Education
Military Service
Exile	Exiled by lot to re­lieve coun­try. Hen­gist and Horsa lead­ers of band sent out		Sent out by lot led by Mer­cury	Lots every 15 years sent out every sixth man—H. and H. both vic­tims of the lot
Settlement of Angl­ia
Adoption Marriage
Piratical Expeditions
With Hnæf
Finnsburg

First Series: Columns 14–19

First Series, Columns 14–19

	Florence of Worcester (1118)	Matthew of Paris (c. 1253)	Walter of Coventry (c. 1293)	John of Oxnead (c. 1293)	Robert of Gloucester (c. end of 13th Cent.)	Livre des reis de Britannie (c. 1300)
Form of Name	Hengst	Hengistus	Hengistus	Hengist	Hengist	Hengist
Genealogy	Wict­gis­li, Wi­tta, Wec­ta, Wo­den	Wiht­gis­li, Wit­ha, Wet­ha, Wo­den			“Of dukes kin”
Religion		Woden—Frea			Woden—Frie
Tribe	Quotes Bede		Saxon	From Germany	Saxoyne	Sessoigne (Saxon)
Education
Military Service
Exile					Driven out by lot as leaders of new colony
Settlement of Anglia
Adoption Marriage
Piratical Expeditions
With Hnæf
Finnsburg

First Series: Columns 20–25

First Series, Columns 20–25

	Pierre de Langtoft (c. 1307)	Matthew of Westminster (c. 1327)	Robert Manning of Brunne (c. 1338)	Thomas of Malmesbury (?) (c. 1366)	John of Fordun (1385)	Richard of Cirencester (c. 1400)
Form of Name	Hengist	Hengistus	Hengist	Hengistus	Hengistus	Hengistus
Genealogy		With­gis­ii, Wit­ha, Wet­ha, Wo­den				Wiht­gis­ius, Wit­tia, Wet­ha, Wo­den
Religion	de la paenerye	Woden—Frea	Woden—Ffre	Woden—Frea		Woden and Frea
Tribe	Germenye		Saxoyne	Saxon	Saxon
Education
Military Service
Exile	Banished by the rul­er of the land		Exiled by lot for re­lief of coun­try	Exiled by lot to re­lieve coun­try
Settlement of Angl­ia
Adoption Marriage
Piratical Expeditions
With Hnæf
Finnsburg

First Series: Columns 26–31

First Series, Columns 26–31

	Jehan de Waurin (c. 1400)	Hector Boece (1527)	Brut of England (c. 1479)	Histoire de Merlin (c. 1300)	Arthour and Merlin (c. 1330)	Henry Lovelich Merlin (c. 1410)
Form of Name	Englist	Hungast	Engist	Engis	Angys	Haugwys, Augwys
Genealogy	Son of a king			Of great lineage among the Saxons	He gath­ered folk of “Dan­mark and of Ses­soyne”
Religion	Woden—Free			Not Christ­ian	“hethen Sarazin”	Heathen
Tribe	Saxon	Saxonia	Saxoyne	Saxon	King of Denmarke
Education
Military Service
Exile	Sent out by lot		Boldest and best of coun­try fit­ted out and sent forth to re­lieve pop­u­la­tion
Settlement of Angl­ia
Adoption Marriage
Piratical Expeditions
With Hnæf
Finnsburg

First Series: Columns 32–37

First Series, Columns 32–37

	Annals of the Picts	Polydore Vergil (1534)	Robert Fabyan (1516)	Richard Grafton (1501)	John Hardyng (1543)	Raphael Holinshed (1577)
Form of Name	Hengistus	Hengistus	Hengistus	Hengist	Engish (Engyst)	Hengist
Genealogy						Ver­gis­tus, Vec­ta, Wo­den
Religion			Gentiles of pa­gan law	Heathen and Pa­gan law	Paynems	Wor­shipped Wo­ and Frea
Tribe	Angle or Saxon	Saxon	Saxon	Saxon	Saxonye	Saxon
Education
Military Service
Exile			Sent from country by lot	Sent out by lot to re­lieve coun­try	Sent out by sort—duke of high re­nown	Given as re­por­ted by some writ­ers
Settlement of Anglia
Adoption Marriage
Piratical Expeditions
With Hnæf
Finnsburg

First Series: Columns 38–43

First Series, Columns 38–43

	John Milton History of Britain (1670)	Edmund Spenser Faerie Queene (1590)	Michael Drayton Poly-Olbion (1620)	Cornelius Kempius (1588)	Supfidus Petrus (1590)	Bernardus Furmerius (1609)
Form of Name	Hengist	Hengist	Hengist	Engist	Hengistus	Hengist
Genealogy	Descended in the fourth degree from Wo­den			Ver­gist, Vit­ta, Vec­ta, Ve­den	Son of U­dol­phus Ha­ron and Swana, daughter of Vet­gist, the Sax­on Sat­rap	Son of U­dol­phus Ha­ron, adopted son of Ver­gist, his Sax­on fa­ther
Religion			Pagan	Pagan	Pagan	Pagan
Tribe	Saxon	Saxon	Saxon	Frisian	Frisian	Frisian
Education					Sent to the em­per­or to be ed­u­cat­ed in his hall and trained in mil­i­tary discipline	Sent to the court of Val­en­tin­ian to be trained in arms and let­ters
Military Service					On his return, sent into Ang­ria to as­sist Yg­lo in war—gained great fame among neigh­bor­ing tribes—es­pe­cial­ly Sax­ons	Served three years (380–383) Ca­rol­us Tax­an­der, Duke of Bra­bant—for a year with Yg­ro Las­seon of Ang­ria
Exile					Banished ac­cord­ing to lot to re­lieve stress of over­pop­u­la­tion	Doomed by the black lot to lead out a band of exiles
Settlement of Angl­ia					Fleet di­rect­ed to Angl­ia, near­est to the Jutes—took pos­ses­sion of con­sid­er­a­ble land with­out dif­fi­culty	Landed near river El­der in re­gion of Old Angl­ia—called set­tle­ment Fris­ia Mi­nor
Adoption Marriage					Adopted by grand­fa­ther Ve­gist	Married Ver­gis­ta, daugh­ter of the Sax­on sat­rap—was adop­ted by him
Piratical Expeditions					Joined Ang­les and Sax­ons in sea raids	Joined the Sax­ons in pir­at­i­cal raids
With Hnæf
Finnsburg

First Series: Columns 44–49

First Series, Columns 44–49

	Martinus Hamconius (1625)	Ubbo Emmius (1616)	Volperus Thaboritus	Beowulf (ll. 1064–1169)	Finnsburg Fragment	Bartholomew de Cotton (c. 1298)
Form of Name	Hengistus	Engistus	Hengistus	Hengest	Hengest	Hengist (inserts a tran­script of Geof­frey in his first book)
Genealogy	Son of U­dol­phus Ha­ron and Suana, daughter of Ver­gist	Prefers to follow Bede	Gives Bede’s account			Wint­gils, Wen­ta, Wo­den
Religion	Pagan		Pagan
Tribe	Frisian	But thinks Hen­gist a Fris­ian since Sax­on was col­lec­tive	Frisian
Education	With the em­per­or Valen­tin­ian
Military Service	With Duke of Bra­bant and Yg­lo Las­seon
Exile	Sent by lot through cus­tom of an­ces­tors to lead forth a band
Settlement of Anglia	First went to ma­ter­nal grand­fa­ther in Old Angl­ia near the Jutes
Adoption Marriage	Adopted by Vergist
Piratical Expeditions
With Hnæf				H. is called thane of the prince—be­cause lead­er at death of Hnæf	Clearly implied
Finnsburg				Describes fight—com­pact between Finn and H.—the wint­er to­geth­er—the ven­geance upon Finn	Fight vividly de­scribed but in­com­plete—no re­fer­ence to wint­er fol­low­ing

Second Series

Second Series: Columns 1–7

Second Series, Columns 1–7

	Anglo-Saxon Chronicle 449—488	Bede Eccl. Hist., Bk. I Ch. XIV,XV,XVI	Historia Brittonum	Æthelweard Book I	William of Malmesbury Book I, Ch.I	Henry of Huntington Historia anglorum, Bk. II (c. 1154)
Arrival in Britain	Landed at Wip­pids­fleet, 449	449—arrived in three ships	Arrived in 447—re­ceived as friends by Vor­ti­gern	Landed at Wip­pids­fleet with three ves­sels	Arrived in three long ves­sels called ceols	Came in three long­ships—set­tled in the east­ern part of is­land
Reason	Invited by Vor­ti­gern	Invited by Vor­ti­gern	Exiled from Ger­many	Invited by Vur­thern	Formal re­quest by Am­bas­sa­dors	Invited by Vor­ti­gern
Compact with Vor­ti­gern	Vor­ti­gern gave land in S. E. of coun­try—they to fight Picts	Given land in East­ern part of island in return for mil­i­tary ser­vice	Vortigern gave isle of Than­et and pro­mised pro­vis­ions in re­turn for help	Support and hon­ors in re­turn for help	Isle of Than­et giv­en—sup­port pro­mised in re­turn for ser­vice	As above
First battle	They fought the Picts and had the vic­tory where­so­ever they came	Engaged en­e­my from north and gained vic­tory		Fought against Scots—re­mained mas­ters of field—King hon­ored them with tri­umph	Scots ad­vanced—An­gles de­feat­ed them—cav­al­ry pur­sued and de­stroyed fu­gi­tives	At Stam­ford in Lin­coln­shire, North­ern­ers fought with darts and spears, Sax­ons with bat­tle ax­es and long­swords—Sax­ons gained vic­tory
Reinforcements from mainland	They sent to An­gles—told them worth­less­ness of Brit­ons and excel­lence of land—men came from three tribes	News of suc­cess, fer­til­ity of is­land, and cow­ard­ice of Brit­ons brought a large fleet.	Hengist with Vor­ti­gern’s con­sent sum­moned 16 ves­sels of armed war­riors to as­sist him; brought Ro­wena	A large fleet and army of their coun­try­men joined, them hear­ing of their suc­cess	Hengist, with Vor­ti­gern’s ad­vice, sent for country­men—they came with 16 ves­sels, bring­ing Ro­wena	A larger fleet with a great­er body of men came over
Tribes who came with settle­ments made	Old Sax­ons (Es­ex, Sus­sex, Wes­sex); An­gles (East A., Mid­dle A., Mer­cia—North­men); Jutes (Kent, Wight)	Sax­ons, An­gles, Jutes; (Angl­ia now desert between Sax­ons and Jutes) Bk. V, Ch. IX, else­where gives Fres­ones, Rug­li, Dani, Hun­ni, Angli, Sax­oni, Bo­ruc­tu­arii		From every pro­vince in Ger­many		As in Bede
Thongcastle
Rowena exchanged for Kent			Vor­ti­gern at ban­quet in­fatu­ated prom­ised to give what was asked for Ro­wena to the half of his king­dom. Hen­gist asked and re­ceived Kent		As in the Hist. Brit.

Second Series: Columns 8–13

Second Series, Columns 8–13

	Geoffrey of Monmouth Historia Regum Britanniae	Geoffrey Gaimar	Wace Roman de Brut (c. 1155)	Lawman Brut (c. 1190)	Ralph de Diceto (1190)	Ralph Higden Polychronicon (1352)
Arrival in Brit­ain	There ar­rived (by chance) in Kent 3 bri­gan­dines or long gal­leys full of armed men—re­ceived peace­ably by Vor­ti­gern		3 gal­leys brought a strange people to land	3 ships with 300 men landed in the Thames were summoned to Vor­ti­gern’s court at Can­ter­bury	As in Bede	As in Bede
Reason	Exiled by lot to re­lieve over-pop­u­la­tion (full de­tails); came to of­fer ser­vice		Exiled—led by Mer­cury to Brit­ain	Exile—to seek new land	As in Bede	As in Bede
Compact with Vor­ti­gern	Lands and pos­ses­sions in re­turn for ser­vice		As in Geoffrey	Reward and honor in re­turn for ser­vice	Quotes Bede	Quotes Bede
First battle	Saxons joined Brit­ons to re­pel Picts—Sax­ons fought brave­ly—put en­e­my to flight		Saxons and Brit­ons met Picts at Hum­ber—Sax­ons won vic­tory and rich re­wards from Vor­ti­gern	Saxons had over­come Picts by noon—Picts fled all day		Quotes Henry of Hunt­ing­don
Reinforcements from main­land	Hengist sent for large bod­ies of his coun­try­men to pro­tect king—18 ships came full of best sol­diers—also brought Ren­wein one of the most accom­plished beau­ties of the age		As in Geoffrey	As in Geoffrey–Hen­gest’s men ar­rived with 1500 riders, much of Hen­gest’s kin and Ro­wenne, Hen­gest’s daugh­ter		Quotes Bede
Tribes who came with settle­ments made					Quotes Bede	Quotes Bede
Thongcastle	Hengist asked for a city or town to give him suit­able rank. Vor­ti­gern re­fused be­cause of Hen­gist’s re­li­gion—Hen­gist asked for ground that could be en­circ­led by thong for a fort­ress—grant­ed—cut up bulls­hide and built thong-castle, later Lan­caster		Same trick as in Geof­frey—he called the place Van­cas­ter—later Lan­cas­ter	As in Geof­frey but with many ad­di­tion­al de­tails. Brit­ish name: Kaer-Car­rei; Eng­lish name: Thong­ches­ter; Dan­ish name: Lan­cas­tel		Quotes Geoffrey
Rowena exchanged for Kent	Hengist in­vit­ed Vor­ti­gern to see his new cas­tle, en­ter­tained him at ban­quet. Ren­wein as cup­bear­er fas­cin­at­ed King—Vor­ti­gern in spite of his re­li­gion mar­ried her giv­ing Hen­gist king­dom of Kent in re­turn		Incident as in Geof­frey, but with more de­scrip­tion and de­tail	Hengest invited Vor­ti­gern to view cas­tle and pre­pared ban­quet as in Geoffrey		Quotes Wil­liam of Malmes­bury

Second Series: Columns 14–19

Second Series, Columns 14–19

	Florence of Worcester (1118)	Matthew of Paris (c. 1253)	Walter of Coventry (c. 1293)	John of Oxnead (c. 1293)	Robert of Gloucester (c. end of 13th Cent.)	Livre des reis de Britannie (c. 1300)
Arrival in Britain	As in Bede	Came 449 in 3 long ships	Came in the time of Vor­ti­gern	Came in 449	Landed in Kent with 3 ships full of knights	442 came in 3 long ships
Reason	As in Bede	Invited by Vortigern		As if to de­fend, but in real­i­ty to fight and con­quer Brit­ain		Sent for by Brit­ons
Compact with Vor­ti­gern		Given land and sti­pend in return for mil­i­tary ser­vice	Helped the king against Picts and Scots		Vortigern of­fered rich­es and lands for vic­tory over foes	Implied
First battle		Saxons put to flight Scots and Picts			Saxons put enemy to flight	Delivered Brit­ons from their en­e­mies well e­nough
Reinforce­ments from main­land		18 ships full of chos­en war­riors came–also Rou­wen			18 ships and Row­en came at Hen­gist’s sum­mons	Quotes Bede
Tribes who came with settle­ments made		As in Bede				Sessoine, Eng­le, Wite
Thongcastle					Hengist built Thwong or Tan­geast­re
Rowena exchanged for Kent		Vortigern married Ron­wen	Gave his daugh­ter to the king		As in Geoffrey	Vortigern gave Hen­gist Kent to his shame and took to wife Hen­gist’s daugh­ter

Second Series: Columns 20–25

Second Series, Columns 20–25

	Pierre de Langtoft (c. 1307)	Matthew of Westminster (c. 1327)	Robert Manning of Brunne (c. 1338)	Thomas of Malmesbury (?) (c. 1366)	John of Fordun (1385)	Richard of Cirencester (c. 1400)
Arrival in Britain	Arrived in 3 ships with armed chev­a­liers	Came 449 en­tered Brit­ain in 3 long ships	3 ship­loads of men land­ed at Sand­wich	Came (449) and 3 keels filled with armed men	As in Bede	Cane with 3 long ships
Reason	Need of new home	Invited by Vor­ti­gern	Sent by their gods to find new land	By chance	Bede	Invited by Vor­ti­gern
Compact with Vor­ti­gern	Hengist fights for V.—is giv­en land	Fought in return for land and money	V. prom­ised rich gifts in re­turn for ser­vice	Aided Vor­ti­gern—gained vic­tory—giv­en much land in Linde­sey	As in Geoffrey	To fight in re­turn for pay
First battle	Pa­gans put the Scots to rout		Sax­ons re­pelled at­tack of Scots and Picts	Pagans fought so bold­ly that they were vic­tor­i­ous	Geoffrey	Superior wea­pons of Sax­ons de­feat­ed foe—Hen­gist was giv­en lands in Linde­sey
Reinforce­ments from main­land	After tow­er is built 18 ships, knights and Ro­wenne came from Ger­many		16 ships came af­ter cas­tle was fin­ished—Rone­wen (whom ig­nor­ant peo­ple called In­ge)	H. called from con­ti­nent—18 ships full of chos­en sol­dies with his daugh­ter Ron­wen	Summarizes Geof­frey brief­ly	18 ships with chos­en war­riors—al­so Hen­gist’s daugh­ter Rom­wen
Tribes who came with settle­ments made		As in Bede				As in Bede
Thongcastle	By craft Hen­gist ob­tained right to build Taun­cas­tre		Thong cas­tle called by French­men “Cas­tle de Cor­rey”—Brit­ons, “Kair Karre”	Built (by trick) Twon—cas—tre, lat­er Lan­cas­tre		Constructed Twang­cas­tre (sum­mary of tale)
Rowena exchanged for Kent	Vortigern in­fat­u­at­ed mar­ried Ro­wanne–gave Hen­gist whole of Kent		Hengist gave R. to V. and was giv­en Kent		Brief men­tion that Vor­ti­gern mar­ried Ro­wen, daugh­ter of Hen­gist	No mention of ban­quet—Vor­ti­gern mar­ried Ron­wen be­cause of her beau­ty

Second Series: Columns 26–31

Second Series, Columns 26–31

	Jehan de Waurin (c. 1400)	Hector Boece (1527)	Brut of England (c. 1479)	Histoire de Merlin (c. 1300)	Arthour and Merlin (c. 1330)	Henry Lovelich Merlin (c. 1410)
Arrival in Britain	Came in 3 small ships—land­ed at Sau­rius (Ebbs­fleet	Came with 30 ships and 10,000 war­riors	A great navy of stran­ers ar­rived in Kent	Engis came to Vor­ti­ger	Invaded Brit­ain with army of 10,000 men	Cane to For­ta­ger
Reason	Seeking set­tle­ment/small>	Invited by Vor­ti­gern	To seek ser­vice	Invited to help Vor­ti­ger	News of Constan’s death and suc­ces­sion of his monk­ish son Moyne
Compact with Vor­ti­gern	V. prom­ised land and sti­pend—H. prom­ised sup­port	To free Brit­ain from Scots and Picts in re­turn for re­ward	Lands in re­turn for de­li­er­ing the coun­try of en­e­mies		Hen­gest had for­mer­ly at­temp­te an in­va­sion and been driv­en back bby Con­stans	Served F. long and well till his strife was ended
First battle	Saxon dis­com­fit­ed Scots and Picts	Much space giv­en to bat­tles—care­ful ex­pla­na­tions why Sax­ons were vic­tors–valor of Scots and Picts em­ph­sized
Reinforce­ments from main­land	H. sent for a large num­ber of sol­diers and his daugh­ter Ron­nixa	H. convinced V. that help must be called from Ger­many—great num­bers came—wife and daugh­ter Rox­sand
Tribes who came with settle­ments made
Thongcastle	Built on a lofty rock Con­roye—Bri­ish Kaer­cordy	H. giv­en land called Lon­di­sia near York by the Hum­ber–al­so “Thu­ryn cas­tle”	Engist asked city—re­fused­asked land that could be cov­ered with thong—built “Thonge­cas­tel
Rowena exchanged for Kent	V. en­a­mored gave Kent (with­out con­sult­ing its own­er) to mar­ry Ro­nixa	V. gave Kent to H. on wed­ding R. (H. had been placed in the north)	Ronewenne of­fered cup (as in Geof­frey)—ex­changed for Kent	Angis spoke to the king so that he took one of An­gis’ daugh­ters for his wife	Fortager mar­mied daugher of An­gis—no ter­ri­tory yield­ed	Angwys gave his daugh­ter to For­ta­ger as wife—Brit­ons an­gered be­cause of her re­li­gion

Second Series: Columns 32–37

Second Series, Columns 32–37

	Annals of the Picts	Polydore Vergil (1534)	Robert Fabyan (1516)	Richard Grafton (1501)	John Hardyng (1543)	Raphael Holinshed (1577)
Arrival in Brit­ain	Came in three long ships	Arrived in res­ponse to inv­i­ta­tion—(al­ter­na­tive) sent forth to re­lieve count­ry	Gives variant ver­sions of Bede and Geof­frey	3 tall ships full of armed men landed at the Isle of Ten­et (Bede and Wil­liam also quot­ed)	Came with three ships	Certain ves­sels came—were cour­teous­ly re­ceived
Reason	Invited by the king	Invited by chance	Gives exile by lot and in­vi­ta­tion	Chance brought them to Brit­ain—in search of ser­vice	Had no “hab­i­ta­cyon”	Invited (some say chance)
Compact with Vortigern		Given Kent for dwel­ling place in re­turn for their help	Reward for ser­vice	Wages for ser­vice	Maintained in a cas­tle in re­turn for sav­ing Brit­ons from en­e­mies	Reward and land for aid
First battle	Contest with en­e­mies from north—won vic­tory	Put to flight the e­n­emy	Saxons beat down the e­ne­my and de­fend­ed the land	Same as Fabyan	Fought full might­i­ly against P. and S.—drove them out	Immediately led against Picts and Scots—over­came them
Reinforce­ments from main­land		Hengistus sent for large bod­ies of men—for­ti­fied and en­larged his bound­ar­ies	(Given as com­ing after build­ing of Thong­cas­tle.) Sent for by H., came (16 sails) with Ro­no­wen	Same as Fabyan	18 ships came “well stuffed of men”—also daugh­ter Ro­wan	Defended and en­larged his ter­ri­tory—sent for large num­bers of coun­try­men
Tribes who came with set­tle­ments made		Saxons, Vites, and Eng­lishe­menne (Bede)	As in Bede	Quotes Bede		Quotes Bede
Thongcastle			Asked land he could cover with hide—built Thong­cas­tle in coun­try of Lind­sey	Same as Fabyan	Gained cas­tle with thong of bull’s skin in “Lynd­sey”
Rowena exchanged for Kent		Infatuation of king at ban­quet made king di­vorce his wife and mar­ry Ro­nix	As in Geoffrey	As in Geoffrey	Banquet and mar­riage re­lat­ed—Vor­ti­ger “set the Sax­ons above” and al­i­en­at­ed his peo­ple and his sons	As in Geoffrey

Second Series: Columns 38–43

Second Series, Columns 38–43

	John Milton History of Britain (1670)	Edmund Spenser Faerie Queene (1590)	Michael Drayton Poly-Olbion (1620)	Cornelius Kempius (1588)	Supfidus Petrus (1590)	Bernardus Furmerius (1609)
Arrival in Brit­ain	Arrived in 3 long galleys or kyles	Arrived in 3 hoys of Sax­ons	Came to Britain	Landed with 3 long ships and a great mul­ti­tude of Fris­ians	Called to Brit­ain to help Vor­t­igern	Happened with three keels to land in Kent
Reason	Invited (also gives Hist. Brit. version)		Called by Brit­ons to aid	Invited by Vor­ti­gern	Invited	Vor­ti­gern, at Can­ter­bury, sent en­quir­ies and of­fered homes and re­ward if they would fight for him
Compact with Vortigern	Land and gifts for ser­vice	Employed by V. for his safe­ty	Hired to repel the Picts	Stipend given for fight­ing	Reward for ser­vice
First battle	Met and de­feat­ed Scots and Picts		Drove out the in­vad­ing Pict	Freed king from en­e­mies		Not long after ar­riv­al, they met the en­e­my and drove them from the coun­try
Reinforce­ments from main­land	H. invited oth­ers who came with 17 ships bring­ing Ro­wen	The Saxons grew great and forced Vor­ti­gern out of his king­dom		H. persuaded king to send for more war­riors—11 ships came with H.’s wife, his son Ocho, his daugh­ter, and very many friends—later 40 ships ar­rived		H. called more for­ces from the fa­ther­land and neigh­bor­ing re­gions
Tribes who came with set­tle­ments made	Quotes Bede		To the Saxons the Angles and Jutes came as aid			Angles, Sax­ons, Jutes, and Fris­ians
Thongcastle				As in Geoffrey		H. asked land of the king and built a tow­er safe­ty of him­self and fam­i­ly
Renwein exchanged for Kent	Account as in Geof­rey without was­sail in­ci­dent	H. (after break with Bri­tons) pre­tends sor­row for past deeds and is re­ceived to grace through his fair daugh­ter				King invited to view tow­er—at feast Ro­wen­na ac­cord­ing to Fris­ian cus­tom bore bowl to king, knelt, etc., as above

Second Series: Columns 44–49

Second Series, Columns 44–49

	Martinus Hamconius (1625)	Ubbo Emmius (1616)	Volperus Thaboritus	Beowulf (ll. 1064–1169)	Finnsburg Fragment	Bartholomew de Cotton (c. 1298)
Arrival in Britain	Called by Vortigern into ser­vice in Brit­ain	Engist led a strong band into Brit­ain	Gives Bede’s account in Ch. VII; in Ch. VIII, says he was driv­en into ex­ile (Hist. Brit.)
Reason	Invited.	Invited by Britons	Invited by Vol­tin­gran­no (or Vur­ti­gurn)
Compact with Vortigern	To serve for re­ward	To serve against en­e­mies	Given Thanet for aid
First battle	Drove out Picts and Scots	Won victory over Picts and Scots
Reinforcements from main­land		A much greater force than the first both of men and wo­men came as if to set­tle rath­er than to fight	With consent of King set to Fris­ia and collected Fris­ians in mul­ti­tude; also wife and son Oc­ha and daughter
Tribes who came with settle­ments made
Thongcastle			Banquet and in­fa­tu­a­tion de­scribed—east­ern part of Brit­ain for H.’s daugh­ter
Rowena exchanged for Kent

Third Series

Third Series: Columns 1–7

Third Series, Columns 1–7

	Anglo-Saxon Chronicle 449—488	Bede Eccl. Hist., Bk. I Ch. XIV,XV,XVI	Historia Brittonum	Æthelweard Book I	William of Malmesbury Book I, Ch.I	Henry of Huntington Historia anglorum, Bk. II (c. 1154)
Wassail incident
Summoning of Oisc and Ebissa			Hengist with Vor­ti­gern’s con­sent sum­moned his son Oc­ta and E­bis­sa, “fra­tu­e­lo su­o.” They set­tled and held land be­tween Eng­land and Scot­land		Hengest send for his son and bro­ther (not named)—they set­tled in North­um­bria
Crowning of Vortimer
Break between Hen­gist and Brit­ons		Entered into league with Picts and turned against Bri­tons—plun­dered, des­troyed church­es, took pos­ses—sion of coun­try	Britons grew un­able to fill agree­ment—tried to dis­miss Sax­on (be­fore call­ing of Oc­ta and E­bis­sa). Sax­ons con­tin­ual­ly re­ceived re­in­force­ments	They demand sti­pend—Bri­tons re­fuse—they take up arms­drive Bri­tons out and take pos­ses­sion of is­land	At sug­ges­tion of Vortimer Bri­tons broke truce	Sax­ons to force pay­ment of sup­port formed and al­li­ance with Picts and drove Bri­tish from is­land to woods and shel­ter
Battles	(473) Hengist and Æsc fought Welsh—took spoils; Welsh fled	Horsa slain by the Bri­tons in battle; was buried in Kent where a mon­u­ment bear­ing his name still stands	(1) Vor­ti­mer fought Hen­gist and Horsa, drove them to the isle of Than­et, and be­sieged them. (4) Fin­ally near the stone by the Gall­ic sea, Sax­ons de­feated, fled to ships	(473) Hengist and Æsc gained vic­tory over Bri­tons—im­mense spoils	First (not named) resulted in a draw; Horsa and Ka­ti­gis fell; An­gles gained other 3 bat­tles	Says Gor­ti­mer fought 3 bat­tles af­ter Ayles­ford and drove Sax­ons to their ships (Sec. 33)
At Aylesford	Hengist and Hor­sa against Vor­ti­gern—Hor­sa slain, Hen­gist and Æsc ob­tain king­dom, 455			Hengist and Hor­sa fought against Vor­ti­gern. Hor­sa was killed. Hen­gist ob­tained king­dom (455)		Gortimer and Ca­ti­ger, gen­er­als un­der Am­bro­si­us, made war against Hen­gist and Hor­sa at Æil­les­trau in 455
At Crayford	Hengist and Æsc slew 4 troops of Bri­tons (456); (457) slew 4000 Bri­tons			(457) Hengest and Æsc put Bri­tons to flight		H. and Esc fought Bri­tish led by chief (many details)—Bri­tish fled; H. and Esc ruled Kent

Third Series: Columns 8–13

Third Series, Columns 8–13

	Geoffrey of Monmouth Historia Regum Britanniae	Geoffrey Gaimar	Wace Roman de Brut (c. 1155)	Lawman Brut (c. 1190)	Ralph de Diceto (1190)	Ralph Higden Polychronicon (1352)
Wassail incident	Renwein ap­proached king with wine cup—made low courtesy—said “Lauerd king, wacht heil.” Instructed by interpreter, king replied, “Drinc heil.” She drank­he kissed her and drank rest—From that time this has been an Eng­lish custom		As in Geoffrey but sa­lu­ta­tion not ex­act: Was­hael—Drink­hael	“Waes hail,” “Drinc hail”; a cus­tom of Sax­land–since then of Eng­land
Summoning of Oisc and Ebissa	Octa and his bro­ther E­bis­sa were giv­en north Bri­tain by the wall—Oc­ta, E­bis­sa, and Cher­dich res­pond­ed to sum­mons with 300 ships filled with sol­diers		Hengist sent mess­ages to his son and (cous­in-ne­phew) who came with 300 galleys—many oth­er ves­sels fol­lowed from time to time	Hengest’s sons Octa and Octa’s wed-brother E­bis­sa came, Octa with 300 and E­bis­sa with 150 ships—many fol­lowed
Crowning of Vortimer	The Britons ter­ri­fied by the num­ber of Sax­ons, de­sert­ed Vor­ti­gern and made his son Vor­ti­mer king		Britons ter­ri­fied at num­bers of Sax­ons un­able to get help from Vor­ti­gern chose Vor­ti­mer as king	Britons turned against Vor­ti­gern and chose Vor­ti­mer to help them drive out the heathen	As in Geoffrey	As in Geoffrey
Break between Hen­gist and Brit­ons	Vortimer led Bri­tons in at­tempt to drive bar­bar­ians from their coun­try		Vortimer de­fied Sax­ons, and waged bit­ter war against them	Vortimer ral­lied the Chris­tians against the heath­en—Vor­ti­ger stayed with Hen­gist		Quotes Wil­liam, Geof­frey, Hen­ry, and Bede
Battles	Fought 4 bat­tles, 3rd upon sea-shore—drove Sax­ons to ships—be­sieged them on Isle of Than­et—Sax­ons stole away leav­ing wo­men and child­ren		Four times Vor­ti­mer van­quished his foe. 3rd bat­tle on sea-shore in Kent (4) be­sieged in Than­et	After Hengest’s flight he turned and fought Vor­ti­mer on the sea-shore in Kent. 5000 of his forces were slain	General state­ment that Sax­ons were not able to stand against Brit­ons under Vor­ti­mer	Quotes Wil­liam, Geof­frey, Hen­ry, and Bede
At Aylesford			Second battle near Ayles­ford. Here Vor­ti­gern and Hor­sa killed each other			Quotes Wil­liam, Geof­frey, Hen­ry, and Bede
At Crayford						Quotes Wil­liam, Geof­frey, Hen­ry, and Bede

Third Series: Columns 14–19

Third Series, Columns 14–19

	Florence of Worcester (1118)	Matthew of Paris (c. 1253)	Walter of Coventry (c. 1293)	John of Oxnead (c. 1293)	Robert of Gloucester (c. end of 13th Cent.)	Livre des reis de Britannie (c. 1300)
Wassail incident			Louerd king, wes­heil—Drinc heil		Louerd king, was­hayl—Drink hail	Waisseyl Drinc­heil
Summoning of Oisc and E­bis­sa		Octa, A­biss­a, and Cer­dic came with 300 ships fully armed			Octo and E­bysse came with 300 ships
Crowning of Vortimer		Vortigern was de­posed and Vor­ti­mer crowned 454			At the teaching of St. Ger­man­us peo­ple turned against Vor­ti­gern and crowned Vor­ti­mer
Break between Hengist and Britons		Vortimer began to ex­pel the bar­bar­ians			Through coun­sel of S. Ger­main Vor­ti­mer un­der­took to drive out pa­gans
Battles	(473) As in Æ­thel­weard				Fought 4 battles in 1 year
At Aylesford	Hengest and Hors fought against Wur­ti­gearn—Hors was killed but Hen­gist had vic­tory and reigned with his son Æse (455)	At Ailes­tory pa­gans were de­feat­ed by Vor­ti­mer
At Crayford	(457) H. and A. fought Brit­ish—slew 4000—put rest to flight—they fled from Kent to Lon­don	Not long after Hor­sus killed Ka­ti­gern, then Vor­ti­mer killed Hor­sus—Hen­gist be­came king of Kent

Third Series: Columns 20–25

Third Series, Columns 20–25

	Pierre de Langtoft (c. 1307)	Matthew of Westminster (c. 1327)	Robert Manning of Brunne (c. 1338)	Thomas of Malmesbury (?) (c. 1366)	John of Fordun (1385)	Richard of Cirencester (c. 1400)
Wassail incident	Sir, wes­sail, Drink­hayl		Was­hayl, my lord, was­sail—drynk hayl	Lauerd kyng was­sail—Drink hail-that cus­tom is still in use
Summoning of Oisc and Ebissa	Octa, Dissa, Ger­dy­ker; 300 ships sent for	Summoned Occa, A­bys­sa and Cer­dic­ius with 300 ships	Octa, Eb­sa and Ker­dyk sum­moned with 30 ships—after that came smaller groups	Octa, Eb­is­sa and Cher­dich sec­ret­ly sum­moned by H. to help against Vor­ti­mer—came with 300 ships	Hengistus calls Oc­tave and his son E­bas­sum af­ter the death of Vor­ti­gern to aid him against Au­re­li­us	Octa, Abissa, and Cer­ic­ius with 300 ships, armed in full
Crowning of Vortimer	People fear­ing pagans crowned Vor­ti­mer	People deposed Vor­ti­gern and crowned Vor­ti­mer	Britons made Vor­ti­mer king in order to drive out Sax­ons	People deposed Vor­ti­gern be­cause of his mar­riage with Ron­wen—crowned Vor­ti­mer	Vortimer was made king, his fath­er still liv­ing	Britons de­posed Vor­ti­gern, raised Vor­ti­mer to throne
Break between Hengist and Britons	(A large sec­tion ap­pears to have been missed—tale pas­ses from Vor­ti­mer’s crown­ing to his death)	Vortimer made war upon An­gles	Vortimer hunt­ed the Sax­ons as a hound does the hare	Vortimer at­tempt­ed to drive out Hen­gist		Vortimer under­took to ex­pel the Sax­ons
Battles			4 times the Brit­ons beat the Sax­ons in battle	(3rd battle was on the sea-shore, the 4th in Can­cia where in put all to flight)	As in Geof­frey
At Aylesford		Met Saxons at Ailles­pord and de­feated them. Soon af­ter in bat­tle Hor­sa killed Ka­ti­gern and Vor­ti­mer slew Ho­sa—put Hen­gist to flight	(3) In Kent–Sax­ons fled to “Yle of Than­et”; (4) in Isle of Than­et–Sax­ons fled to Ger­many			Vortimer in second battle at Aille­pord over­came a vast multi­tude
At Crayford						Not long after a great bat­tle was fought in which Ka­ti­gern and Hor­sa were killed

Third Series: Columns 26–31

Third Series, Columns 26–31

	Jehan de Waurin (c. 1400)	Hector Boece (1527)	Brut of England (c. 1479)	Histoire de Merlin (c. 1300)	Arthour and Merlin (c. 1330)	Henry Lovelich Merlin (c. 1410)
Wassail incident	Verd Cing, Weis­seil–drinquail		“Whatsaile;”“Drinks­haile”—intro­duced cus­tom in Eng­land	“It was she who brought the word was­sail to this king­dom”—ref­er­ence to in­cid­ent as told in oth­er ver­sions
Summoning of Oisc and Ebissa	Cocta and 300 ships called to in­crease pow­er against Scots and Picts	Occa sent for—came with 10,000 men
Crowning of Vortimer	Norcimer chosen to free land of pa­gans	Bishop of Lon­don slain by Oc­ca for re­prov­ing Vor­ti­gern’s mar­riage with R. Brit­ons re­volt­ed from Vor­ti­gern, crowned Vor­ti­mer	Britons in­censed at Vor­ti­gern’s mar­riage chose Vor­ty­mer king
Break between Hengist and Britons	He impetuously at­tacked and slew Sax­ons	Vortimer made al­li­ance with Scots and Picts against H.	Britons tried to drive out Sax­ons—fought 3 battles	The Danes that Vor­ti­ger had brought warred sore against the Chris­tians	Portager made war against Hen­gest so suc­cess­fully that H. prom­ised ne­ver to in­vade Brit­ain again and em­barked for Ger­many
Battles	Fought 4 nob­le bat­tles	Vor­ti­mer with help of the Scots re­stores Chris­tianity—sum­mons St. Ger­man­us and St. Lup­us	1st in Kent, 2nd at Te­te­ford, 3rd Cat­ta­gren and Horn killed each other. Vor­ty­mer des­troyed “Horn­cas­tle” in Kent and drove Sax­ons out of land
At Aylesford
At Crayford

Third Series: Columns 32–37

Second Series, Columns 32–37

	Annals of the Picts	Polydore Vergil (1534)	Robert Fabyan (1516)	Richard Grafton (1501)	John Hardyng (1543)	Raphael Holinshed (1577)
Wassail incident			Wassayle–Drynke­hayll	Wassayle–Drynke­hayll	Wassayle–Drynke hayle	Wassail Drinke halle
Summoning of Oisc and Ebissa	Hengistus in­vit­ed Och­ta and A­bi­sa (son and his bro­ther-in-law) with 40 keels		Vortiger sent for Oc­ta the son of Hen­gist as ad­di­tion­al help	Same as Fabyan	Hengist sent for Oc­ca, E­bis­sa, and Cher­dryk—they bought 300 ships of war­riors	H. sent for this bro­ther Oc­ca and his son E­ub­sa
Crowning Vortimer		After Vor­ti­ger’s death Vor­ti­mer suc­ceed­ed	Brit­ons find­ing that Vor­ti­ger was turn­ing coun­try over to Sax­ons de­posed him and crowned Vor­ti­mer	Same as Fabyan	Peo­ple ter­fi­fied—crowned Vor­ti­mer	As in Fabyan
Break between Hengist and Britons	Suddenly mak­ing league with Picts, they turned against Brit­ons. St. Ger­man­us helped Brit­ish Al­le­lu­jah chor­us	Polydore quotes many writ­ers here–with vary­ing ac­counts­—Gil­das, Bede, Paul­us Di­con­nus	Vortimer pur­sued Sax­ons	Same as Fabyan	Vortimer fought Sax­ons “at all places where he went”	Great num­ber of Sax­ons ter­ri­fied Brit­ons—­or­tim­er made war on Sax­ons
Battles		Saxons leagued with Scots, Picts made war against Vor­ti­men­con­quered Brit­ons	3rd bat­tle by sea­side fourth bat­tle Cool Moore; oth­er bat­tles drove Sax­ons to state of siege in Isle of Than­et	Same as Fabyan		As in Fabyan
At Aylesford
At Crayford			Aurelius (af­ter burn­ing ­Vor­ti­gern’s tow­er) fought H. and Oc­ta—won victory and drove him back in­to Kent	Same as Fabyan

Third Series: Columns 38–43

Third Series, Columns 38–43

	John Milton History of Britain (1670)	Edmund Spenser Faerie Queene (1590)	Michael Drayton Poly-Olbion (1620)	Cornelius Kempius (1588)	Supfidus Petrus (1590)	Bernardus Furmerius (1609)
Wassail incident						Wacht Heil—Drinkt Heil
Summoning of Oisc and Ebissa	H. gained con­sent of V. to send for Oc­ta and E­bis­sa, his own and his brother’s son					Ochta and E­bis­a bro­thers, had come with Hen­gist his grand­sons—others call them sons of Hen­gist
Crowning of Vortimer						The people fear­ing the en­croach­ment of H. and his fol­low­ers de­posed Vor­ti­gern and set up Vor­ti­mer
Break between Hengist and Britons	Saxons complain that they are not paid for ser­vice—Guor­ti­mer at head of Brit­ons tries to drive them out	By the help of his son, Vor­ti­mer, ­Vor­ti­ger regains his king­dom	Saxons mas­ter­ing the field drove the Brit­ons beyond the Sev­erne into Wales and Corn­wall	Vortimer, son of Vor­ti­gern’s first wife, in­dig­nant at mar­riage with Ro­wena, waged war against H. in which Hor­sa fell		Vortimer pro­ceed­ed to drive out the for­eign­ers
Battles				In 2nd bat­tle Vor­ti­mer’s bro­ther fell; in 3rd he drove Fris­ians to ships
At Aylesford	A. S. Chronicle
At Crayford	A. S. Chronicle

Third Series: Columns 44–49

Third Series, Columns 44–49

	Martinus Hamconius (1625)	Ubbo Emmius (1616)	Volperus Thaboritus	Beowulf (ll. 1064–1169)	Finnsburg Fragment	Bartholomew de Cotton (c. 1298)
Wassail incident
Summoning of Oisc and Ebissa
Crowning of Vortimer
Break between Hengist and Britons			Gortenir, in­dig­nant at en­croach­ments, waged war against H. and H.
Battles			Fought a bat­tle in which the bro­ther of Hen­gist and many oth­ers were killed
At Aylesford			In 2nd bat­tle (no names) the bro­ther of Gor­te­nir was killed.
At Crayford

Fourth Series

Fourth Series: Columns 1–7

Fourth Series Series, Columns 1–7

	Anglo-Saxon Chronicle 449—488	Bede Eccl. Hist., Bk. I Ch. XIV,XV,XVI	Historia Brittonum	Æthelweard Book I	William of Malmesbury Book I, Ch.I	Henry of Huntington Historia anglorum, Bk. II (c. 1154)
At Wippidsfleet	(465) Hengist and Æsc fought Welsh—slew 12 eal­dor­men—lost thane Wip­ped			(465) Hengist and Æsc fought Brit­ons and 12 Brit­ish chiefs fell, also Sax­on Wip­pid		H. and Esc against Brit­ish under 12 chiefs—killed chiefs—took standards—lost Wip­pid
At Derent			(2) Success for Vor­ti­mer
At Episford			(3) Horsa fell and Ca­te­girn son of Vor­ti­gern
Hengist’s flight to continent
Founding of Leyden
Vortimer’s death			Vortimer died		Vortiner, who had been the in­sti­ga­tor of the war, perished pre­ma­ture­ly	Gortimer fell sick and died, af­ter bat­tle at Ayles­ford—this en­cou­raged Brit­ons—bat­tle at Crayford
His dying injunction			To bury his body at rock where Sax­ons first land­ed to keep them from re­turn­ing. He was not obeyed
Hengist’s return
Slaughter at Amesbury			He plot­ted to gain coun­try—in­vit­ed King and 300 lead­ers to ban­quet; at sig­nal treach­er­ous­ly slew them		As in Hist. Brit. ex­cept that Hen­gist caused nob­les to quar­rel and pre­ci­pi­tate the con­flict

Fourth Series: Columns 8–13

Fourth Series, Columns 8–13

	Geoffrey of Monmouth Historia Regum Britanniae	Geoffrey Gaimar	Wace Roman de Brut (c. 1155)	Lawman Brut (c. 1190)	Ralph de Diceto (1190)	Ralph Higden Polychronicon (1352)
At Wippidsfleet
At Derent	1st upon river Derwent		1st on banks of Darent	Vortimer with his bro­thers Pas­cent and Ca­ti­ger marched against Hen­gest and Vor­ti­ger at A­pi­ford on the Dar­went—3200 or Hen­gist’s men fell—Hors and Ca­ti­ger were wound­ed—Hen­gest and Vor­ti­ger fled to Kent
At Episford	Second upon the ford at Eps­ford. Hor­sa and Ca­te­girn killed each other			Same trick as in Geof­frey; they fled to Sax­land
Hengist’s flight to continent	Hengist sent Vor­ti­gern to Vor­ti­mer to ask leave for Sax­ons to de­part and while con­fer­ence was be­ing held he and his fol­low­ers slipped away to Ger­many		As in Geof­frey		Hengist fled from Vor­ti­mer to Ger­many
Founding of Leyden
Vortimer’s death	Rowen bribed a pris­on­er to give Vor­ti­mer a poi­soned drink		Rowena, that evil step­mo­ther, caused Vor­ti­mer to be poi­soned	Vortimer re­stored Chris­tian­i­ty and built church­es—Ro­wenne of­fered to be­come Chris­tian—Vor­ti­gen de­light­ed made a ban­quet to re­ceive her—fol­low­ing the cus­tom of hon­or­ing the king with was­sail bowl, she poi­soned the drink from a bot­tle car­ried in her breast just after she drank	Killed by plots of his step­mo­ther Ro­wein	Vortimer hav­ing died, Vor­ti­gern be­came king
His dying injunction	Vortigern urged sol­diers to con­tin­ue to de­fence of coun­try—to place a braz­en pyr­a­mid in the port when Sax­ons land­ed and bury his body on top to fright­en them—sol­diers dis­o­beyed and bur­ied him in Lon­don		“Take my body and bury it up­on the shore—raise above me a tomb that shall be seen afar—they shall not dare to come.” Bar­ons dis­o­beyed—bur­ied him in Lon­don	“Lay my body in a chest and car­ry it to the sea strand where the Sax­ons will see it and fear to land.” (Bur­ied in Lon­don)
Hengist’s return	At Ren­wein’s re­quest Vor­ti­gern in­vit­ed Hen­gist to return—Hen­gist start­ed with 300,000 men—Brit­ons pre­pared to dis­pute land­ing—Warned by Ren­wein, Hen­gist pre­tended that learn­ing of Vor­ti­mer’s death he would come with a few fol­low­ers to make terms of peace. Vor­ti­gen agreed to meet him at Am­bri­us on Kal­ends of May		Vortigern, in­cit­ed by Ro­wena, in­vit­ed Hen­gist to return with small com­pany. Hen­gist pre­pared 300,000—sent false mes­sage ask­ing for a truce—meet­ing was ar­ranged at Ambres­bury	Hengest en­tered Thames with 700 ships each with 300 men­of­fered to let Vor­ti­ger choose 200 and send the rest away. Meet­ing was ar­ranged near Ambres­bury the place was Æl­enge now hight Stone­henge.	Hengest re­turned with 300,000 armed men
Slaughter at Amesbury	Hengist or­dered each fol­low­er to car­ry dag­ger in gar­ments and at sig­nal to stab Brit­on next to him—460 were thus slain—El­dol, con­sul of Glou­cester, killed 70 and es­caped—Vor­ti­gern ran­somed fled to Wales		Hengist or­dered men to con­ceal a sharp, two-edged knife in hose—at sig­nal to slay neigh­bor—near 460 men killed. El­dof found club and killed 70—es­caped on his horse. Vor­ti­gern ran­somed fled to Wales	Arrangements ex­press­ly made that no wea­pons should be brought to meet­ing—trick as in Geof­frey—405 slain—Al­dolf took a club from a churl and slew 53—es­caped on a horse	As in Geof­frey	Gives sum­mary of Geof­frey and as an al­tern­a­time Wil­liam’s ac­count

Fourth Series: Columns 14–19

Fourth Series, Columns 14–19

	Florence of Worcester (1118)	Matthew of Paris (c. 1253)	Walter of Coventry (c. 1293)	John of Oxnead (c. 1293)	Robert of Gloucester (c. end of 13th Cent.)	Livre des reis de Britannie (c. 1300)
At Wippidsfleet	As in Æthelweard
At Derent		Vortimer gained vic­tory at river Der­went
At Episford
Hengist’s flight to continent		Leaving women and child­ren Sax­ons fled to Ger­many			Hengist was forced to flee to Ger­many
Founding of Leyden
Vortimer’s death		460 Vortimer was poi­soned by Rou­wen			Rowen, in­cit­ed by the dev­il, poi­soned Vor­ti­mer
					Buried in a high tomb at the hav­en to fright­en pa­gans
Hengist’s return		461 Hengist re­turned with force of 300,000			H. returned with 300,000 men
Slaughter at Amesbury		As in Geof­frey	Saxons killed 460 no­ble Brit­ons at Sal­is­bury—Vor­ti­ger and El­dolf fled		460 slain, Vor­ti­gern made pris­on­er, El­dol es­caped

Fourth Series: Columns 20–25

Fourth Series, Columns 20–25

	Pierre de Langtoft (c. 1307)	Matthew of Westminster (c. 1327)	Robert Manning of Brunne (c. 1338)	Thomas of Malmesbury (?) (c. 1366)	John of Fordun (1385)	Richard of Cirencester (c. 1400)
At Wippidsfleet
At Derent			(1) “Upon Dereswent”	First bat­tle at riv­er Der­went		V. gained 1st vic­tory—killed many at Der­wente
At Episford			(2) “That oth­er at Ber­forde”	2nd battle at E­pi­ford; Hor­sa and Ca­ti­gern killed each other
Hengist’s flight to continent		Hengist fled to Ger­many			As in Geoffrey	Horsa, first king of Kent, slain—Hen­gest be­came king in 456. At end of re­sour­ces, leav­ing wo­men and child­ren, H. fled with fol­low­ers to Ger­many
Founding of Leyden
Vortimer’s death	Rowenne poi­oned him to death with a wicked drink	Vortimer poi­soned by Rou­wenm-bur­ied at Tri­no­van­tum	Ronewen poi­soned V.	V. poi­soned by Ron­wen	Vortimer died by poi­son from this step­mo­ther Ro­wen	Vortimer died and with him hope and vic­tory of the Brit­ons
His dying injunction			To be buried at sea­side under a high tomb–words for­got­ten–bur­ied in Lon­don
Hengist’s return	H. 300,000 men, asked par­ley—to keep men or send them back	Hengist re­turned with 300,000 war­riors	H. re­turned with 3,000 war­riors	Secretly sent for by Ron­wen	As in Geoffrey	H. summoned by Vor­ti­gern re­turned with 3000 armed aux­il­ia­ries–warned by Ron­wen he ar­ranged for a peace con­fer­ence
Slaughter at Amesbury	340 barons of re­nown slain—Vor­ti­gern made pris­on­er—El­dol es­caped	As in Geof­frey	Last of May—360 Brit­ish lords slain—El­dok es­caped; V. im­pris­oned	Story told brief­ly as in Geoffrey	As in Geof­frey	Met in dis­trict of Am­bros­ius; 460 Brit­ons slain—El­dol killed 70 Sax­ons

Fourth Series: Columns 26–31

Fourth Series, Columns 26–31

	Jehan de Waurin (c. 1400)	HectorBoice (1527)	Brut of England (c. 1479)	Histoire de Merlin (c. 1300)	Arthour and Merlin (c. 1330)	Henry Lovelich Merlin (c. 1410)
At Wippidsfleet
At Derent	(1) On bank of river d’Eured
At Episford	(2) Near the vale of d’Epi­ford
Hengist’s flight to continent	(3) Third and least mem­or­ab­le bat­tle on the sea­shore, Sax­ons fled to is­land, Thain­et. (4) Vic­tory was com­plete; leav­ing wo­men and child­ren, Sax­ons sailed for Ger­many	Scots and Picts re­venge their de­feat—car­ry ban­ner of Christ–make H. flee to Sax­ony	Driven from Eng­land by Vor­ti­mer		Hengest em­barked for Ger­many
Founding of Leyden
Vortimer’s death	R., through an a­tend­ant poi­soned Vor­ti­mer	Vortimer poi­soned by R’s treach­ery	Ronewenne bribed Vor­ty­mer’s ser­vant to poi­son him
His dying injunction	Place his ash­es in a cop­per like­ness of him­self on a pil­lar of stone at port to fright­en Sax­ons (dis­re­gard­ed)
Hengist’s return	Returned with 300,000 men	H. re­turned on learn­ing Vor­ti­mer’s death—sent mes­sagen­ger who made long or­a­tion—meet­ing ap­point­ed	Vortigern re­stored on con­di­ion that he should not let En­gist re­turn–En­gist did re­turn with great force		Fortiger pun­ished slayers of Moyne by death—Brit­ons rose in in­sur­rec­tion—F. sent to Hen­gest for aid
Slaughter at Amesbury	460 no­ble Brit­ons slain, El­dol es­caped—Vor­ti­gern made pris­on­er	Meeting at Sares­ber­ri—300 on each side—Vor­ti­gern tak­en—all the rest killed but Hel­doll	Asked to meet Vor­ti­gern each with knights–or­dered his sol­diers to fol­low and slay at sig­nal

Fourth Series: Columns 32–37

Fourth Series, Columns 32–37

	Annals of the Picts	Polydore Vergil (1534)	Robert Fabyan (1516)	Richard Grafton (1501)	John Hardyng (1543)	Raphael Holinshed (1577)
At Wippidsfleet
At Derent			(1) Gave bat­le at river Dar­went—had great vic­tory	Same as Fabyan	Vortimer fought the “mis­cre­aunts sore upon Der­went”	(1) Gave great bat­le on river Der­went and had up­per hand
At Episford			(2) Fought them at Epi­foorde or Ag­lis­thorp—Cat­ri­gu­us and Hor­sus fell; Brit­ons were vic­tors	Same as Fabyan	At Abir­forth he fought with them al­so” (Ca­te­girn and Horne slain)	(2) As in Fabyan
Hengist’s flight to continent				As in Geoffrey	“So went they home with lyt­tel folke alyfe”	As in Geoffrey
Founding of Leyden
Vortimer’s death			Ronowen see­ing dan­ger of her fa­ther sought such means that Vor­ti­mer was poi­soned; ruled 7 years	Same as Fabyan	Poisoned by Ro­wayne’s agen­cy	Quotes Wil­liam as al­ter­na­tive; but stres­ses Fab­yan’s ac­count
His dying injunction				Respects Geof­frey’s ac­count	To be bur­ied on the coast in a pil­lar of brass (not o­beyed)
Hengist’s return					Vortiger sent for Hen­gest who came back with 300 ships	Gives ac­count of his return but notes in the mar­gin his be­lief that H. nev­er left the coun­try af­ter he “once set foot with­in this Isle”
Slaughter at Amesbury			Vortigern re­stored made war on Hen­gist—Hen­gist asked for peace treaty—the rest as in Geof­frey—E­dolf Earl of Ches­ter slew 17	Quotes Geoffrey	Plot as tra­di­tion­al­ly giv­en–400 “lordes” slain	Quotes Geof­frey and Wil­liam

Fourth Series: Columns 38–43

Fourth Series, Columns 38–43

	John Milton History of Britain (1670)	Edmund Spenser Faerie Queene (1590)	Michael Drayton Poly-Olbion (1620)	Cornelius Kempius (1588)	Supfidus Petrus (1590)	Bernardus Furmerius (1609)
At Wippidsfleet	A. S. Chronicle
At Derent	(Given as reported)
At Episford	(Given as reported					V. gained vic­tory in a great bat­tle at Ep­pis­ford. H. re­tired to Than­et
Hengist’s flight to continent	Fed from Guor­ti­mer—away 5 years			Hengist fled, driv­en out by Vor­ti­mer		H. was so pressed that he es­caped in his fleet to the con­tin­ent
Founding of Leyden	Founded by the Brit­ons who fled for Hen­gist;“Brit­ten­burgh” tow­er yet to be seen near Lei­den			Built a cas­tle on the east bank and for­ti­fied it for a safe re­treat—called Lei­den		Founded Lei­den on the Rhine—built tow­er for safe­ty
Vortimer’s death	As in Hist. Brit.			Shortly af­ter Vor­ti­gern’s vic­tory he died		H. was in­formed by mes­sage from Ro­ven­na of the death of the en­e­my who had driv­en him out
His dying injunction	As in Hist. Brit.
Hengist’s return	H. rid of this great op­pos­er, re­turned with great for­ces</smart>			H. re­turned and plot­ted how he might gain the king­don from Vor­ti­ger		H. with as great a force as he could col­lect un­ex­pect­ed­ly re­turned to Brit­ain
Slaughter at Amesbury	As in Geof­frey, but num­ber slain 300	Soon after re­con­cil­i­a­tion of Hen­gist and Vor­ti­gern 300 Brit­ish Lords are slain while sit­ting at the board of Hen­gist		Slaughter of 300 as in Hist. Brit.	Plot as tra­di­tion­al­ly giv­en—400 “lordes” slain	As in Geof­frey, but num­ber slain 450—no men­tion of El­dol

Fourth Series: Columns 44–49

Fourth Series, Columns 44–49

	Martinus Hamconius (1625)	Ubbo Emmius (1616)	Volperus Thaboritus	Beowulf (ll. 1064–1169)	Finnsburg Fragment	Bartholomew de Cotton (c. 1298)
At Wippidsfleet
At Derent
At Episford			In the 3rd, Gor­te­nir gained the vic­tory, the Fris­ians fled to ships.
Hengist’s flight to continent
Founding of Leyden	Hengist found­ed Lei­den
Vortimer’s death			Gortenir died not long after
His dying injunction
Hengist’s return			Hengist with a great throng of Fris­ians came back and be­gan to plot
Slaughter at Amesbury	Refers to the story but does not tell it ex­cept to call at­ten­tion to Fris­ian sig­nal		As in Hist. Brit.

Fifth Series

Fifth Series: Columns 1–7

Fifth Series, Columns 1–7

	Anglo-Saxon Chronicle 449—488	Bede Eccl. Hist., Bk. I Ch. XIV,XV,XVI	Historia Brittonum	Æthelweard Book I	William of Malmesbury Book I, Ch.I	Henry of Huntington Historia anglorum, Bk. II (c. 1154)
Signal			Nimed eure Saxes
Full con­quest and set­tle­ment		Took pos­ses­sion of coun­try	Sax­ons great­ly in­creased, both in strength and num­bers	They drive Brit­ons out and take pos­ses­sion of is­land
Revival of Britons		Under Am­bro­si­us Au­re­li­us, a Roman, waged war ­until Bad­des­cown-hill	After deah of Hen­gist un­der Ar­thur		Am­bro­si­us Ro­man King af­ter Vor­ti­gern–with aid of war­like Ar­thur quelled bar­bar­ians
Hengist’s death	Inferred from state­ment (488), “Æsc suc­ceed­ed to the king­dom”		After death of his fa­ther Hengest, Octa came from the si­nis­tral part of the is­land to the king­dom of Kent	In 488 Æsc began to reign in Kent	Hengist died in the 39th year after his ar­riv­al	Hengist died in the 44th year after his in­va­sion of Brit­ain
Stonehenge as a monument
Hengist’s descendants			Octa, E­bis­sa	Æsc	Esc—Ot­ha—Ermenric	Esc

Fifth Series: Columns 8–13

Fifth Series, Columns 8–13

	Geoffrey of Monmouth Historia Regum Britanniae	Geoffrey Gaimar	Wace Roman de Brut (c. 1155)	Lawman Brut (c. 1190)	Ralph de Diceto (1190)	Ralph Higden Polychronicon (1352)
Signal	Nimet oure Saxas		Nimad eoure Seax	(1) Nimet eoure sexes; (2) Nemeth oure seaxes		Nymeth youre sexes
Full con­quest and set­tle­ment	Saxons took Lon­don and af­ter­wards York, Lin­coln, and Win­ches­ter, wast­ing the coun­try and des­troy­ing the peo­ple as wolves do sheep		Vor­ti­gern granted Sus­sex, Es­ses, and Mid­dle­sex as ran­som in ad­di­tion to Kent	Hengest took all this rich king­dom—di­vid­ed it among his men—gave an earl Kent—gave his cham­ber­lain Mid­dle­sex—Vor­ti­gern gave up his land and fled over Se­vern	The Sax­ons oc­cu­pied al­most all Brit­ain
Revival of Britons	Aurelius Am­bro­si­us and his bro­ther with 10,000 men re­turned—Brit­ish ral­lied about them—crowned Au­re­li­us, burned V. in his tower­ad­vanced against Sax­ons	Aurelius ral­lied the Brit­ons and marched north against Hen­gist who was try­ing to get help from Scot­land	Aurele re­gained crown—burned Vor­ti­ger in his tow­er and pur­sued Hen­gest to the Hum­ber	Brief state­ment from Geof­frey	Quotes Geof­frey and Wil­liam;
Hengist’s death	Hengist de­feat­ed at field of Maus­be­li–fled to Cu­nun­ge­burg (Co­nis­burg). He was tak­en by El­dol—Later by ad­vice of Bish­op El­dad, was be­head­ed by El­dol		Taken by El­dof and be­head­ed as in Geof­frey	Final bat­tle giv­en in full de­tail—Hen­gest tak­en by Al­dof (as in Geof­frey) and be­headed. Hen­gest bur­ied ac­cord­ing to his pa­gan rites	Eldol killed Hen­gist	Quotes Geoff­rey and Wil­liam
Stonehenge as a monument	Aurelius, to get a mon­u­ment for the slaugh­tered Brit­ons, bur­ied on Sal­is­bury plain, com­mis­sioned Mer­lin to bring from Mt. Kil­laur­us in Ire­land the great stones known as the Gi­ant’s Dance—By his art Mer­lin ac­com­plished this feat—he set up the stones in their o­ri­ginal form about the bur­ial place. They were de­di­cat­ed with great cer­e­mony by king and peo­ple		Auelius called ma­sons to build mon­u­ment—was ad­vised to send for Mer­lin—mov­ing of Gi­ant’s Dance as in Geof­frey with ad­di­tion of bat­tle of king of Ire­land to get the stones	Auerelie called coun­sel at Mer­lin’s ad­vice to de­cide upon mon­u­ment. Mer­lin and U­ther in charge of ex­ped­i­tion—o­ver­came king Gil­lo­maur—brought stones hack and set them up		Gives as tra­di­tion (si fas sit credere) that Mer­lin brought from Ire­land the “Co­re­am Gi­gan­te­um which now on the plain of Sar­um is called Stan­hen­ges”. Also speaks of Ar­thur and Au­re­li­us as bur­ied be­neah these stones. Æsc (son) suc­ceed­ed Hen­gest—reigned 24 years
Hengist’s descendants	Octa (Hen­gist’s son); E­o­sa (Oc­ta’s kins­man) son, Os­sa (cou­sin of Oc­ta), E­bis­sa (cou­sin-ne­phew of Hen­gist)		Octa, son Os­sa (cou­sin of Oc­ta), E­bis­sa (cou­sin-ne­phew of Hen­gist)	Octa; E­bis­sa—“his wed bro­ther”; Os­sa–“The other”

Fifth Series: Columns 14–19

Series, Columns 14–19

	Florence of Worcester (1118)	Matthew of Paris (c. 1253)	Walter of Coventry (c. 1293)	John of Oxnead (c. 1293)	Robert of Gloucester (c. end of 13th Cent.)	Livre des reis de Britannie (c. 1300)
Signal			Nimis oure sexes		Nimeth youre sexes
Full conquest and settlement		Saxons laid Brit­ain waste, Vor­ti­gern fled into Wales, 462	The pa­gan Sax­ons held all Lo­ca­ri­ani		Saxons took pos­ses­sion of whole land	By the wheel of for­tune Sax­ons were all at the top and Brit­ains at the bot­tom
Revival of Britons		464—487 Au­re­li­us re­con­quered coun­try	Aurelius en­tered Brit­ain, be­sieged and burned Vor­ti­gern		British un­der Au­re­li­us burned Vor­ti­gern and re­gained coun­try	Arthurian sec­tion omit­ted—nar­ra­tive pro­ceeds to tell how coun­try was di­vid­ed in­to pet­ty king­doms—Hep­tar­chy, etc.
Hengist’s death	(488) Hengst died af­ter reign­ing 34 years in Kent	As in Geoffrey	Aurelius killed Hen­gist and ex­ter­min­at­ed the Sax­ons		Taken by El­dol in bat­tle—lat­er be­head­ed
Stonehenge as a monument		As in Geoffrey	As in Geoffrey		As in Geoffrey
Hengist’s descendants

Fifth Series: Columns 20–25

Fifth Series, Columns 20–25

	Pierre de Langtoft (c. 1307)	Matthew of Westminster (c. 1327)	Robert Manning of Brunne (c. 1338)	Thomas of Malmesbury (?) (c. 1366)	John of Fordun (1385)	Richard of Cirencester (c. 1400)
Signal	Neme yhoure sexes	Nymet oure saxes	Nimth out your sexes	Nimeth oute your Sexes	Zonre Sexes	Nymeth youre Sexes
Full conquest and settlement	London, Lin­coln, York, and Win­ches­ter tak­en—Hen­gist su­preme—Vor­ti­ger fled to Wales	Saxons drove out Brit­ains—des­troyed church­es	V. yield­ed Sus­sex, Ox­ford­shire, Mid­dle­sex, fled to Wales	Vor­ti­gern cap­tured all Brit­ons killed but El­dolf	As in Geoffrey with added details	Vortigern, seized and im­pris­oned, was forced to give up cit­ies and strong­holds—re­tired into Wales
Revival of Britons	Ambosius ral­lied Brit­ish—burned Vor­ti­ger—de­feat­ed Pa­gans	British sent for Au­re­li­us who burned Vor­ti­gern	Aurelius and U­the be­siege and burn V.—H. tries to get help of Scots and Picts	Under lead­er­ship of Au­re­li­us Vor­ti­gern was slain, king­dom re­gained		Britons sum­moned Au­re­li­us Am­bro­si­a­nus and U­ter­pen­dra­gon from Brit­ain, chose Au­re­li­us king and over­came Vor­ti­gen and He­gist
Hengist’s death	Edol took H.—by judg—ment of ar—my “cut of the head of Hen–gist who flinched in no way”	As in Geoffrey	Eldok took H. and sent him as a pres­ent to Au­re­li­us—by de­cis­ion of coun­cil H. be­head­ed by El­dok	Taken and be­head­ed by Eldolf		Beheaded by El­dol as in Geof­frey
Stonehenge as a monument	As in Geoffrey	As in Geoffrey	As in Geoffrey—Gi­ant’s Dance brought from Ireland and set up as mem­or­i­al to no­blds slain by Hen­gest	As in Geoffrey
Hengist’s descendants

Fifth Series: Columns 26–31

Fifth Series, Columns 26–31

	Jehan de Waurin (c. 1400)	Hector Boece (1527)	Brut of England (c. 1479)	Histoire de Merlin (c. 1300)	Arthour and Merlin (c. 1330)	Henry Lovelich Merlin (c. 1410)
Signal	Nimet oure saxas		“Now is tyme forto speke of love and pees”
Full conquest and settlement	Saxons be­came mas­ter of all Brit­ain—V. fled to Wales	V. gave over all Brit­ain and went into Wales—H. slew Brit­ons and des­troyed church­es	Engish went through the land and seized all the land—called it En­gis­tes land di­vid­ed it in­to sev­en king­doms		Angwys and Fortager put Brit­ons to flight—F. built tow­er on Sal­is­bury plain
Revival of Britons	Au­re­li­us and U­the led Brit­ons—burned V.—van­quished Sax­ons	Britons ral­lied at com­ing of Au­re­li­us—burnt V. in his cas­tle—got help of Scots and Picts—de­feated Hun­gest	Britons rose under—Au­ril­am­bros	Pendrgon be­sieged Angis in his cas­tle	Aurelius and U­ther came to Win­chester. F. and H. met them and were de­feat­ed
Hengist’s death	Edol captured and be­head­ed Hen­gist	Hun­gest was slain in bat­tle by Au­re­li­us who gave Scots and Picts lands be­tween Hum­ber and Tweed for their help	Slain in bat­tle in the north coun­try whith­er Au­ril­am­bros had pur­sued him	Engis entered tent of U­ther with knife to kill him—U­ther warned by Mer­lin hid and killed En­gis as he passed out	Fortager fled to cas­tle—was burned—Angys shut him­self in a cas­tle, and was be­sieged by U­ther—With aid of Mer­lin Au­re­li­us slew Angys	Warned by Mer­lin U­ter lay awake and saw Aug­wys enter tent to slay him–U­ther sur­prised and slew Aug­wys
Stonehenge as a monument		As in Geoffrey but with em­pha­sis on rel­i­gious el­e­ment		As in Geoffrey—Place called Ston­hynges for­ev­er­more
Hengist’s descendants			Otta (his son)

Fifth Series: Columns 32–37

Fifth Series, Columns 32–37

	Annals of the Picts	Polydore Vergil (1534)	Robert Fabyan (1516)	Richard Grafton (1501)	John Hardyng (1543)	Raphael Holinshed (1577)
Signal			“Nempnyth your Sex­ix”	Nempnith your sexes	Nemyth your sexes	Nempt your sexes
Full conquest and settlement			H. ruled coun­try and called it Hen­gist­us land or Eng­land; oth­ers say it was An­glia or En­gle land	Same a Fabyan	Aurelius Am­brose re­took coun­try from H.	H. peo­pled the land with Sax­ons
Revival of Britons		Under Au­re­li­us the Brit­ons re­vived, put Sax­ons to flight, and slew Hor­sus	Aurelius ral­lied Brit­ons; burned Vor­ti­gern in tow­er	Same as Fabyan	Aurelius Am­brose re­took coun­try from H.	As in Geoffrey
Hengist’s death		Aurelius pur­sued Hen­gist­us to York–met his force at Dan­cas­tre–slew him and a wond­rous num­ber of Ger­mans	Hengist died in his bed when he had reigned 24 years—oth­ers say that he was slain in bat­tle by Au­re­li­us	Same as Fabyan	Duke El­doll took Hen­gest—he (Hen­gest) was be­head­ed with a sword	Gives 2 versions: (1) taken in bat­tle and be­head­ed by El­dol; (2) slain at River Dune
Stonehenge as a monument			Stones brought from Ire­land some say by Au­re­li­us with Mer­lin’s help, oth­ers by U­ther	Same as Fabyan	The king made a wor­thy se­pul­ture at Stone­henge for the slain Brit­ons	As in Geoffrey
Hengist’s descendants		2 sons, Os­sa and Ot­ha	Hengist’s son Oc­ta or Os­ca regned 24 years	Same as Fabyan	Oc­ca, son of H., Oy­sa, son of Oc­ca. “After En­gest it called was En­ges­tes land; by cor­rupt speach Eng­lande it high there­fore, And af­ter­warde so that name it ever bore”	Hengist left 2 sons, Os­ca and Oc­ca

Fifth Series: Columns 38–43

Fifth Series, Columns 38–43

	John Milton History of Britain (1670)	Edmund Spenser Faerie Queene (1590)	Michael Drayton Poly-Olbion (1620)	Cornelius Kempius (1588)	Supfidus Petrus (1590)	Bernardus Furmerius (1609)
Signal	Nimet oure saxes			Nimnet oure Saxes (Fris­ian words)		Nimmet ouvre sacxen
Full conquest and settlement	H. add­ed to his ter­ri­tory 3 pro­in­ces giv­en by Vor­ti­gern as ran­som		Engist first be­gan a king­dom in Kent, and his heirs ex­tend­ed it to the Hum­ber	V. gave up his king­dom for his life–H. began to reign		H. pur­sued the Brit­ons to “E­ri­ford­um” on the river Dar­ent and slew to many that he reigned in peace there­af­ter
Revival of British	Under Am­bro­si­us Au­re­li­us Brit­ons ral­lied and drove out Sax­ons (partly)					Ambrosius Au­re­li­an­us of Ro­man des­cent as­sumed pur­ple at death of Vor­ti­gern and turned arms gainst H.
Hengist’s death	In 489 Hen­gist died—first King of Kent	H. was brought to shame­ful death by Au­re­li­us and U­ther		Hngist died not long af­ter		H. de­feat­ed in bat­tle on the river Don—tak­en and be­head­ed
Stonehenge as a monument		Stonehenge dole­ful mon­u­ments and e­ter­nal marks of treas­on
Hengist’s descendants	His son Oe­ric sur­named Oisc, suc­ceed­ed him			H. suc­ceed­ed by son Oc­ha or O­rich (sur­name Ho­ersch)—Min­ric—E­del­berht;Wil­li­bord (a de­cend­ant)	Orichius—Oc­ta, E­bis­sa (Kent) (Ve­su­a­lia—Ang­ri­var­ian Dukes to Vi­te­kind)	O­ri­chi­us (Has­cus) his son suc­ceed­ed him—Oc­co, E­bis­sa, and Ed­el­red, daugh­ter Os­tri­da; O­ro­nia and Vil­le­gis—Wil­li­brord; Ber­ta and Si­ge­bert—Svid­bert

Fifth Series: Columns 44–49

Fifth Series, Columns 44–49

	Martinus Hamconius (1625)	Ubbo Emmius (1616)	Volperus Thaboritus	Beowulf (ll. 1064–1169)	Finnsburg Fragment	Bartholomew de Cotton (c. 1298)
Signal	Nimet oure saxen		Nymet oure Saxa (Notes that these are Fris­ian words)
Full conquest and settlement
Revival of British
Hengist’s death			Not much after Hen­gist died	Some ear­ly trans­la­tors mis­con­strue ll.1142–1145 as an ac­count of H.’s death
Stonehenge as a monument
Hengist’s descendants	Orich—Oc­ta, King of Kent; E­bis­sa, Duke of Ang­ria S. Wil­li­brord from Hen­gist		After his death Oc­ha passed “de sin­is­tra parte Brit­taniae” to the king­dom of Kent—Or­rich or Oisck—Oc­ca—Iur­minri­ci—Ed­il­brecht (Bede II, 5) From these came Wil­li­brord

References

• Aurner, Nellie Slayter. (1921). Hengest: A Study in Early English Hero Legend, University of Iowa: Humanistic Studies, Vol. II, No. 1. Iowa City: University of Iowa.
  • Retrieved from http://www.archive.org/details/hengest00aurn , http://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=loc.ark:/13960/t5m90ws79, http://www.onread.com/reader/202863/, and http://www.onread.com/reader/202863/